Friday, April 19, 2013
Thursday, April 18, 2013
Tuesday, April 16, 2013
Monday, April 15, 2013
history of HBCU's.
Black history first 365 days #76, history of HBCU's.
Glenn R. Chavis
High Point, NC 27260
Historically black colleges and universities
Historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) are institutions of higher education in the United States that were established before 1964 with the intention of serving the black community.
There are 105 historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in the United States, including public and private, two-year and four-year institutions, medical schools and community colleges. Most are located in the former slave states and territories of the U.S. Notable exceptions include Central State University (Ohio), Wilberforce University (Ohio), Cheyney University of Pennsylvania, Lewis College of Business (Detroit, Michigan), Lincoln University (Pennsylvania), and the former Western University (Kansas).
History
Most HBCUs were established after the American Civil War. However, Cheyney University of Pennsylvania, established in 1837, Lincoln University (Pennsylvania), established in 1854, and Wilberforce University, established in 1854, were established for blacks prior to the American Civil War.
The Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended, defines a "part B institution" as: "...any historically black college or university that was established prior to 1964, whose principal mission was, and is, the education of black Americans, and that is accredited by a nationally recognized accrediting agency or association determined by the Secretary [of Education] to be a reliable authority as to the quality of training offered or is, according to such an agency or association, making reasonable progress toward accreditation." Part B of the 1965 Act provides for direct federal aid to Part B institutions.
In 1862, the Morrill Act provided for land grant colleges in each state. Some educational institutions in the North or West were open to blacks since before the Civil War. However, 17 states, mostly in the South, generally excluded blacks from their land grant colleges. In response, the second Morrill Act of 1890 was passed to require states to establish a separate land grant college for blacks if blacks were being excluded from the then existing land grant college. Many of the HBCUs were founded in response to the Second Morrill Act. These land grant schools continue to receive annual federal funding for their research, extension and outreach activities. The Higher Education Act of 1965 established a program for direct federal grants to HBCUs, including federal matching of private endowment contributions.
Other educational institutions currently have large numbers of blacks in their student body, but as they were founded (or opened their doors to African Americans) after the implementation of the Sweatt v. Painter and Brown v. Board of Education rulings by the U.S. Supreme Court (the court decisions which outlawed racial segregation of public education facilities) and the Higher Education Act of 1965, they are not historically black colleges, but have been termed "predominantly black."
Starting in 2001, the libraries of several HBCUs began a conversation about ways to pool their resources and work collaboratively. In 2003, this partnership was formalized as the HBCU Library Alliance, "a consortium that supports the collaboration of information professionals dedicated to providing an array of resources designed to strengthen historically black colleges and Universities and their constituents."
Current status
In 2004, the US Department of Education published a study of HBCUs that found that, as of 2001, HBCUs accounted for 13% of black higher education enrollment.
In 2007, the Thurgood Marshall College Fund published a study of minority recruiting practices by Fortune 400 companies and by government agencies that found that 13% of the college graduates were recruited from HBCUs and 87% were recruited from non-HBCU schools.
The 2009 Stimulus Bill included more than $1.3 billion of additional federal support for HBCU campuses.
Of the 105 HBCU institutions in America today, 27 offer doctoral programs and 52 provide graduate degree programs at the Master's level. At the undergraduate level, 83 of the HBCUs offer a Bachelor's degree program and 38 of these schools offer associate degrees.
The portion of Bachelor degrees awarded to black students by HBCUs has steadily dropped from 35% in 1976 to 21.5% in 2001. From 1976 to 2001, total HBCU enrollment grew from 180,059 to 222,453, with most of this increase being attributable to the growth of female black enrollment from 88,379 to 117,766.
In 1975, Jake Ayers Sr. filed a lawsuit against Mississippi for giving more financial support to its predominantly white public colleges. The state settled the lawsuit in 2002 and agreed to direct $503 million to three historically black colleges, collectively, over 17 years.
Following the enactment of Civil Rights laws in the 1960s, all educational institutions that receive federal funding have undertaken affirmative action to increase their racial diversity. Some historically black colleges now have non-black majorities, notably West Virginia State University and Bluefield State College whose student body has been over 80% white since the mid-1960s. Many non-state-supported HBCUs are struggling financially, due to the increased cost of delivering private education to students and declining financial aid for students.
Racial diversity at HBCUs
As colleges work harder to maintain enrollment levels and because of increased racial harmony and the low cost of tuition, the percentage of non-African American enrollment has tended to climb. The following table highlights HBCUs with high non-African American enrollments:
Thursday, April 11, 2013
Lawmaker raps Obama for lack of diversity in top posts
Deborah Barfield Berry, Gannett Washington Bureau8p.m. EDT April 10, 2013
A black House member from Mississippi says President Obama has shortchanged blacks who backed him in 2008 and 2012 by not making diversity a higher priority in his administration.
WASHINGTON — Democratic Rep. Bennie Thompson of Mississippi called out the Obama administration Wednesday for what he said is a lack of diversity in high-level posts, including the Cabinet.
Thompson, who is black, chided President Obama for not nominating more African-Americans to top administration jobs.
"Four months into his second term, we look to the president's Cabinet appointments only to find that he has once again overlooked his most loyal constituency,'' Thompson said.
He made his comments while delivering the Congressional Black Caucus' weekly radio address on the American Urban Radio Network, which is African-American owned and has listeners across the country.
"Many of my colleagues and I are disturbed by the president's lack of attention to diversity in his Cabinet and administration,'' Thompson said.
White House officials say Obama is committed to diversity and noted that the selection process for his Cabinet is not complete.
"He believes that diversity is valuable because it enhances the decision-making process in the Cabinet, and it's important within his senior staff for the same reason,'' Jay Carney, a White House spokesman, said at a press briefing last month.
Obama's recent nominations include Gina McCarthy to head the Environmental Protection Agency, Ernest Moniz to lead the Energy Department and Thomas Perez to head the Labor Department. None of those nominees is black.
Remaining top-level posts include transportation secretary, commerce secretary and head of the Small Business Administration.
David Bositis, a senior analyst with the Joint Center for Economic and Political Studies, noted that during Obama's first term, blacks — including EPA administrator Lisa Jackson and Attorney General Eric Holder — held key posts.
"Obama has to be circumspect, both in terms of someone who is going to be effective, someone who is going to work well with him (and) someone who is going to get through the Senate,'' Bositis said.
He said Obama could still nominate more blacks to key posts — including black women — to help with his goal to diversify his staff.
"It's not like the president needs somebody in his Cabinet to give him the black point of view,'' Bositis said.
Rep. Marcia Fudge, D-Ohio, chairwoman of the Congressional Black Caucus, complained in a letter to Obama last month that his recent Cabinet nominees "have hardly been reflective of this country's diversity.''
CBC members have recommended more than 60 African-Americans for Cabinet-level posts, but none have been nominated, said Ayofemi Kirby, a spokesperson for the caucus.
Caucus members are especially angry based on "the overwhelming support you've received from the African-American community,'' Fudge wrote to Obama.
Thompson said Obama has selected the lowest number of African-American Cabinet members in 38 years. He noted that George W. Bush, Obama's Republican predecessor, nominated four African-Americans to Cabinet posts.
Bush's nominations were over two terms, Bositis said.
Thompson said Congressional Black Caucus members and minority groups worked hard to help re-elect Obama. Black voters overwhelmingly supported Obama in 2008 and 2012.
"This is not a time to stand idly by... this is an opportunity to act,'' Thompson said of Obama. "Neither I nor the Congressional Black Caucus will rest until African-Americans are represented throughout the administration.''
Thompson, the top Democrat on the House Homeland Security Committee, also has pushed for more diversity at the Department of Homeland Security.
Diversity in the federal government is a caucus priority. Some caucus members and civil rights groups also complain the administration has not done enough to address African-American concerns, particularly the high unemployment rate among blacks.
"The absence of diverse voices leads to policy and programs that adversely impact African-Americans,'' Fudge wrote in her March letter.
Fudge has since heard from Valerie Jarrett, a senior advisor to Obama, who assured her the administration is committed to diversity, Kirby said. Jarrett also met earlier this year with the Congressional Black Caucus.
Fudge is "confident that the administration is committed to diversity,'' Kirby said. "She's waiting to see what the remaining appointments will be.''
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